Data-driven Integrated Sensing and Communication: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), combined with data-driven approaches, has emerged as a highly significant field, garnering considerable attention from academia and industry. Its potential to enable wide-scale applications in the future sixth-generation (6G) networks has led to extensive recent research efforts. Machine learning (ML) techniques, including $K$-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), deep learning (DL) architectures, and reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, have been deployed to address various design aspects of ISAC and its diverse applications. Therefore, this paper aims to explore integrating various ML techniques into ISAC systems, covering various applications. These applications span intelligent vehicular networks, encompassing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and autonomous cars, as well as radar applications, localization and tracking, millimeter wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) communication, and beamforming. The contributions of this paper lie in its comprehensive survey of ML-based works in the ISAC domain and its identification of challenges and future research directions. By synthesizing the existing knowledge and proposing new research avenues, this survey serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in advancing the capabilities of ISAC systems in the context of 6G networks.Comment: ISAC-ML surve

Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors

Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals’ whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detection. This paper provides a supplement to the recent tactile sensing techniques’ designs of whiskers that only sense at their base, as well as the materials employed, and manufacturing techniques. The article delves into the technical specifications of these sensors, such as the resolution, measurement range, sensitivity, durability, and recovery time, which determine their performance. The sensors’ sensitivity varies depending on the measured physical quantity; for example, the pressure sensors had an intermediate sensitivity of 58%/Pa and a response time of around 90 ms, whereas the force sensors that function based on piezoelectric effects exhibited good linearity in the measurements with a resolution of 3 µN and sensitivity of 0.1682 mV/µN. Some sensors were used to perform spatial mapping and the identification of the geometry and roughness of objects with a reported resolution of 25 nm. The durability and recovery time showed a wide range of values, with the maximum durability being 10,000 cycles and the shortest recovery time being 5 ms. Furthermore, the paper examines the fabrication of whiskers at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as their contributions to mechanical and thermal behavior. The commonly used manufacturing techniques of 3D printing, PDMS casting, and screen printing were used in addition to several micro and nanofabrication techniques such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. Lastly, the paper discusses the main potential applications of these sensors and potential research gaps in this field. In particular, the operation of whisker sensors under high temperatures or high pressure requires further investigation, as does the design of sensors to explore larger topologies

Effect of Skim Milk Powder and Whey Protein Concentrate Addition on the Manufacture of Probiotic Mozzarella Cheese

This work aimed to study the effect of adding skim milk powder (SMP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) to probiotic mozzarella cheese. Pasteurized cow milk was heated to 55 °C and divided into five parts: PMC1 (control), PMC2 (1% SMP), PMC3 (1.5% SMP), PMC4 (1% WPC), and PMC5 (1.5% WPC). After mixing powders in the respective concentrations in the treatments, the milk was cooled to 35 °C, and Bifidobacterium bifidum culture (5%) was added. Proximate analysis, calcium, soluble nitrogen (SN), total Bifidobacterium bifidum count, cheese yield, hardness, and meltability tests were carried out at 0, 14, and 28 days of storage. The mozzarella cheese samples with WPC added had higher acidity, total solids, and protein content than the mozzarella cheese samples with SMP added and the control samples during storage. The addition of WPC led to a significant increase (p Bifidobacterium bifidum during storage at 5 °C. The cheeses with WPC added had increased meltability, higher hardness, and higher browning on pizza compared to those of the mozzarella cheese with SMP added. A sensory evaluation showed that the addition of WPC increased sensory scores, compared to the addition of SMP. As storage time progressed, there was a significant (p Bifidobacterium bifidum, meltability, and sensory scores of PMC in all treatments

Frequency Response Analysis for Three-Phase Star and Delta Induction Motors: Pattern Recognition and Fault Analysis Using Statistical Indicators

This paper presents a new investigation to detect various faults within the three-phase star and delta induction motors (IMs) using a frequency response analysis (FRA). In this regard, experimental measurements using FRA are performed on three IMs of ratings 1 HP, 3 HP and 5.5 HP in normal conditions, short-circuit fault (SC) and open-circuit fault (OC) conditions. The SC and OC faults are applied artificially between the turns (Turn-to-Turn), between the coils (Coil-to-Coil) and between the phases (Phase-to-Phase). The obtained measurements show that the star and delta IMs result in dissimilar FRA signatures for the normal and faulty windings. Various statistical indicators are used to quantify the deviations between the normal and faulty FRA signatures. The calculation is performed in three frequency ranges: low, middle and high ones, as the winding parameters including resistive, inductive and capacitive components dominate the frequency characteristics at different frequency ranges. Consequently, it is proposed that the boundaries for the used indicators facilitate fault identification and quantification

Cornu aspersum mucin attenuates indomethacins-induced gastric ulcers in mice via alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation

In the past three decades, a significant progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcers. The incidence of the disease has decreased, but gastric ulcer is still a medical problem. Currently, the available drugs for gastric ulcer treatment have many side effects; therefore, searching for new and safe therapeutic agents is mandatory. The present study aims to investigate the gastroprotective potential of Cornu aspersum (C. aspersum) mucin against gastric ulcers, and the mechanisms related to oxidative stress and inflammation. C. aspersum mucin was collected from 50 snails. The characteristics of C. aspersum mucin (chemical and microbiological) were evaluated. Mice were pretreated with famotidine and C. aspersum mucin (7.5 and 15 ml/kg b.w.) for 5 days, and then gastric ulcers were induced by indomethacin. Macroscopic examination, biochemical estimations, and Quantitative real-time PCR were carried out. Also, histopathological and immunohistopathological examinations were evaluated. We found that the high dose of the mucin significantly decreased the gastric mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents as well as interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and nuclear factor kappa β (NF-ҡB) expression, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunostaining. It also increased the gastric mucosal GSH and catalase contents as well as hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expressions with regressions in gastric mucosal lesions. In conclusion, C. aspersum mucin could be a potential therapeutic candidate to protect against gastric ulceration

Enhancement of low-fat Feta cheese characteristics using probiotic bacteria

The objective of this study was to manufacture low-fat Feta cheese (LFC) using different types of starter cultures, such as yogurt (Y) cultures (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus), bifidobacterium (B) cultures (Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum), and mixed of them (Y + B) at different rates (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6%). The Y + B cultures improved the flavor and body and texture of LFC, especially at a ratio of 0.4 + 0.6% and 0.5 + 0.5%, which is similar to the typical full-fat Feta cheese. Also, the LFC maintained a higher number of probiotics and lactic acid bacteria after 30 d of storage at a range of 5 to 7 log cfu/g

Resveratrol mitigates hepatic injury in rats by regulating oxidative stress, nuclear factor-kappa B, and apoptosis

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol, possesses several pharmacological activities including anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antinociceptive, and antiasthmatic activity. Little is known about its hepatoprotective action mechanisms. This study was conceived to explore the possible protective mechanisms of resveratrol compared with the hepatoprotective silymarin in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic injury in rats. Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups; normal control (i), TAA (100 mg/kg) (ii), TAA + silymarin (50 mg/kg) (iii), and TAA + resveratrol (10 mg/kg) (iv). Liver function and histopathology, pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptotic markers were examined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test followed by Tukey post hoc test. Compared to TAA-intoxicated group, resveratrol mitigated liver damage, and inflammation as noted by less inflammatory infiltration, hydropic degeneration with decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma by 78.83, 18.12, and 64.49%, respectively. Furthermore, it reduced (P < 0.05) alanine and aspartate aminotransferases by 36.64 and 48.09%, respectively, restored hepatic glutathione content and normalized superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels. While it inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B, cytochrome 2E1, and enhanced apoptosis of necrotic hepatocytes via increasing caspase-3 activity. Our findings indicated that the potential hepatoprotective mechanisms of resveratrol are associated with inhibition of inflammation, enhancing the apoptosis of necrotic hepatocytes, and suppression of oxidative stress

Measurement of carbohydrates and organic acids in varieties of cheese using high-performance liquid chromatography

Lactose is converted to lactic acid through fermentation and ripening of cheese using starter cultures. The content of lactic acid and organic acids formed during storage of cheese is different based on the type of starter cultures, pH, processing, and storage conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the carbohydrates and organic acids of four different commercial cheese samples (Parmesan, Mozzarella, Swiss, and Cheddar cheese) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The lactose content in Cheddar cheese was significantly high (p &lt; .05) as compared to Parmesan cheese while Mozzarella and Swiss cheese did not have lactose. However, galactose was low in Swiss cheese as compared to other cheese types, while glucose did not detect in all cheese samples. Organic acids such as citric, succinic, lactic, and butanoic acids were high in Parmesan cheese relative to other cheese types. Additionally, pyruvic and propanoic acids were high (p &lt; .05) in Swiss cheese while acetic and orotic acids were elevated (p &lt; .05) in Mozzarella cheese relative to other types of cheese

Frequency Response Analysis for Three-Phase Star and Delta Induction Motors: Pattern Recognition and Fault Analysis Using Statistical Indicators

This paper presents a new investigation to detect various faults within the three-phase star and delta induction motors (IMs) using a frequency response analysis (FRA). In this regard, experimental measurements using FRA are performed on three IMs of ratings 1 HP, 3 HP and 5.5 HP in normal conditions, short-circuit fault (SC) and open-circuit fault (OC) conditions. The SC and OC faults are applied artificially between the turns (Turn-to-Turn), between the coils (Coil-to-Coil) and between the phases (Phase-to-Phase). The obtained measurements show that the star and delta IMs result in dissimilar FRA signatures for the normal and faulty windings. Various statistical indicators are used to quantify the deviations between the normal and faulty FRA signatures. The calculation is performed in three frequency ranges: low, middle and high ones, as the winding parameters including resistive, inductive and capacitive components dominate the frequency characteristics at different frequency ranges. Consequently, it is proposed that the boundaries for the used indicators facilitate fault identification and quantification